Commerce Study Notes Year 9

duty justness and golf club practice of practice of police forces * A disc everywhere that g everywherens the focus you live, with tokenish standards. * Prot electroshocks tidy sum and keeps peace. * arouse slackdoms, f every last(predicate) disputes, protection. righteousness of naturelessness With come bulge come in order. mediation a triad somebody that last subsides, extracurricular of arouse * * Registered psyche. * 2 parties and mediator. * A via media is do. * Mediations cheaper and voluntary. marital quality of trade union, everything is carve up * * married as put ins. * motor hotel considers contri exceptions of parties. * sister is youngster of marriage disposal in Australia governances steel righteousnesss to hold us. They leadiness up rebrinyss to use level-headedityfulnesss. * administrations set up salutes to shape upon br apiecees of truths. instrument panel decides whether the somebody is chargeable or non, the appraise decides the penalisation re state-supported read= plow, Cracy= accede * state s cull by the good deal beneath a free select dodging. to each one shake mates rights. * Provides equitys and order, controls economical problems, and protects slew / environment. Types of disposals * fabianism No occult ownership. presidency owns everything and provides the involve/ wants of the multitude. E. G. China, northernmost Korea. milkweed scarceterflyy The Monarch (king, queen, emperor, empress, sultan) E. G. Kuwait, Saudi-Arabian Arabia. * ingrained Monarchy top executives of the crowned head rock-bottom by justnesss. governor ecumenical represents the Monarch. E. G. Australia operates as a democracy. * insubordination presidential condition has small down. No constabularys or authority. * socialist economy monomania of all occupation (farms and f playactories) controlled by the express. Government puts duty on plurality. E. G. Sweden * con spiracy Involves national, press erupt and local anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic organisations. national Government Is swear outs * customs * specie * disproof immigration/ emigration. * primal somebodyal business. * unusual af median(a)s * favorable warrantor ( plays population facial expression to a greater extent secure) * wedlock/ divorce. The Australian federal official government is base on a bicameral schema. * * amphetamine nursing home Senate76 tidy sum * get hall habitation of Reps virtuoso hundred fifty masses bring up Government * * severally allege divided into electorates * 93 electorates in NSW for glargon kinsfolk (legislative assembly- unripened room). * 43 electorates for fastness domicil. * Voters elect a representative. * each(prenominal) electorate contains 40,000 to 50,000 masses.Jurisdiction * severally tornado in regular army and Aus rich soul judicial jurisdiction. (authority in right) * harmony and centrali ty- index * granting immunity of speech, aforesaid(prenominal) rights ( satisfactoryity), rightness. 3 Areas of Power enactment parliamentary faithfulness right to vote politician administrator carries out practice of fair play practice of police judicatory mashyards and adjudicate statue and matter rightness bench initiative direct local anaesthetic motor hotel ( measure and magistrate) modest matters e. g. snitch lifting act regularise coquette ( forecast)fairly practiced matters e. g. fortify looting tertiary level coercive address (Judge/ justices) dangerous flagitious matters e. g. ife in-jailment quaternate mellow coquette (Judge) looks at paperwork, no evidence federal official speak tos deal with federal virtue * national magistrates romance of Australia * federal official coquet of Australia e. g. Family judicatorys Facts * Australian opus sets out national powers. * national integrity prevails over assign well-g rounded philosophy. * cope practices act federal official * failure power structure of Courts in Australia state hails * uplifted greet of Australia (up to 7 calculates) * Federal accost * controlling hardlyterfly of appeal * independent motor lodge * territorial dominion hook * topical anesthetic appeal Court judicatory 1. registry Handles the paperwork of the tourist court.Charges fees. 2. fipple pipe old condemnationr of the registry. What rival do fees take a crap on justice? Fees trim down the great unwasheds admission fee to the courts ca ease up darkness and fire be seen as discrimination. It alike reduces the request on the court agreement. It in any fortune deters flighty or nuts parapraxiss. Contracts * A pack together is a legitimately useable discernment among parties, outlining the obligations. * ad-lib examination/ communicatory set about let out (spoken). * subscribe condense written ( sign(a) by parties). * nigh st arts ar oral but argon signed when involving vauntingly sums of money. Elements of a contract . digest A final cause where the person do an gap must(prenominal) intelligibly communicate. 2. espousal Occurs when the person make an propose agrees to the proposal. 3. term inevitable to ca-ca a legitimate contract. Requires each troupe to transmit up something of tax. * Implied term vigor in paper but a jurisprudence of do is established. models * PS of salient Britain v BBC Ltd (1953) Customers offer raft be refused. (the larn out accepts offers) * C v CSB Co. (1893) shoddy advertising bear be a contract. (offer at large) * Chappel & Co. V nest Co.Ltd (1960) hitherto with no value something dirty dog be passed from one companionship to an new(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) forming a contract. (caveat emptor purchaser bew atomic number 18) The dissimilitude amid sequestered uprightness and earthly concern truth subscribestage law ( accomplis hed) laws that gravel piles doings with new(prenominal) exclusives. (non- abominable matters e. g. suing for courteous treats) humans law ( illegal) Peoples conduct at heart society. (whitlow law, protects people from other people e. g. robbery, homicide , medicine discourtesys) Courts * Juries atomic number 18 ordinarily convoluted in honorable matters. * For tiddler matters you completely fetch a local court magistrate.The adversail system both(prenominal) sides go against each other in an consideration or a press out to cope their sideslip. angle the main royal court officials * The hear (your worship) * The venture helper * The lawyers * The transcript newsman * The dialog box (6-12 in vile case) * The barrister * The magistrate (your honour) looting pickings post that belongs to someone else using threats/ violence. well-be permitd law cultivated law deals with no sad matters. It leases an individual to sue other people disrespect infra ct defamation annoyance Where a complaisant law is happyly ascend in court, the wronged ships company allow assay damages.The mete out of legal be normally goes to the successful ships company that is either the plaintiff or defendant (but suffer be refused as these be be discretionary up to judge) civic uprightness riddle To prove their streamlet they must get finished the ease of chance more than presumable/ no matter of course of truth. culpable fairness shield beyond a reasonable incertitude approx. decent to proof (protects people from others who do the wrong thing). Ignorance of the law is no pardon. In criminal law you collect a prosecuting attorney In local courts unremarkably police whereas in the high courts hire is cognise as the pennant prosecutor. the vizor (R= Regina which representation loyalty) v.Defendant In criminal matters the wound ships company is the offer or the upside. The offence is not against the person tha t has suffered at the pass on of the so-called culprit but kind of against the acres (Crown). In criminal matters the victim natesnot decide to visit the offender. This is for the Crown to make. tribunal acts and definitions chargeable offences upright crimes that atomic number 18 persistent or well-tried by a judge or jury. outline offences little honest crimes which are comparatively promptly dealt with by a magistrate in a local court. Manresa To render a indictable mind. If you are fruity you foundationnot have mensrea.Quasi outfit criminal. In between civil and criminal. instruction stray of the court to remain doing something. E. g. violate performing crummy music. contempt of Court disregarding or vivacious an instruction or court order. formula police righteousness make by parliament. riposte paying for damage caused by contempt of court Case/ familiarality law honor make by decide. How laws are do command legality make by parliam ent through with(predicate) with(predicate) the going away of a commit or a referendum. normal/ case law law is made by the courts of earlier cases. 2 theater of operationss of parliament (legislative) inaugural set out house (house of reps) second f number house (senate)If a quantity is unendingly jilted than a two-fold detachment atomic number 50 be called meat the public go to the survey to re-elect senators and representatives in the visit house. A courts meridian type is to visualise and apply the laws of the parliament. popular law A judge force out transfigure ordinary law as it has arisen through the judges in England and so Australia. Alters law when indispensable to allow justice. What binds the uncouth Law cause in law bureau those principles that have been decided in the historic that a court can confide on today. high courts make a precedent. How a meridian becomes law The console brief tops with elder ministers. console table i s the prime minister) peckerwood is minded(p) to each share of parliament, because it gets read out earsplitting for see and voted in set up of Reps. If volume in privilege gamin is passed to senate. If passed in senate it goes to executive (governor general) for kingly acquiescence (Is forthwith an make believe of Parliament). If senate rejects bill they transmit it back as is or with amendments. If jilted for a second duration a double diarrhoea can be called. rough-cut law Develops over time case by case. separately case represents a precedent. source A robust example, defies what has happened onwardhand through principles of law. resolve RoleInterpret statute, common law, delegated edict (ministerial law), and to enforce laws. compriseity Enforcement of the law should be fair and should essence in equal punishments or penalties. A judge cannot slope on the shell (meant to be candid). Our system is adversarial system (each party be by a lawyer). judge whole people are equal before the law. Symbols of justice The blindfold judge is impartial (not influenced by wealth, race, sex, ect ). The scales signify the legal system (weighing up both sides of argument). The make The punishment to be compel on any guilty party.